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The country of Chad is currently divided into 18 regions. From independence in 1960 until 1999 it was divided into 14 prefectures. These were replaced in 1999 by 28 departments. The country was reorganized again in 2002 to produce the current 18 regions.

Each region is divided into between 2 and 4 departments, apart from the city of N’Djamena, which is divided into 10 arrondissements.

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The national flag of Chad is composed of tri colored vertical strips. The colors blue, red and white are inspired by the pan African colors and French tricolors. Chad flag was officially hoisted for the first time in 1959. The blue color in the flag of Chad symbolizes the sky; the yellow color signifies the sun where as the red color stands for prosperity. The red color in the flag also represents the bloodshed which was caused during the struggle for independence. The blue band of color on the national flag of Chad depicts agricultural expansion and the southern part of Chad .

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Chad (Arabic: تشاد; French: Tchad), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the “Dead Heart of Africa”. Chad is divided into three major geographical regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad’s highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and the largest city by far is N’Djamena, the capital. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. French and Arabic are the official languages. Islam is the most widely practiced religion.

Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad’s Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960 Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south’s hegemony. However, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. Recently, the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation.

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